The relationship between the home and market economies has gone through two distinct stages. Early industrialization began the process of transferring some production processes (e.g. cloth-making, sewing and canning foods) from the home to the marketplace. Although the home economy could still produce these goods, the processes werelaborious and the market economy was usually more efficient. Soon, the more important second stage was evident--the marketplace began producing goods and services that had never been produced by the home economy, and the home economy was unable to produce them (e.g. Electricity and electrical appliances, the automobile, advanced education, sophisticated medical care). In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they would have to be obtained in the marketplace. The traditional ways of taking care of these needs in the home, such as in nursing the sick, became socially unacceptable (and, in most serious cases, probably less successful). Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse-drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed the radio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market. Growth brought with it increased variety in consumer goods, but not increased flexibility for the home economy in obtaining these goods and services. Instead, economic growth brought with it increased consumer reliance on the marketplace. In order to consume these new goods and services, the family had to enter the marketplace as wage earners and consumers. Theneoclassical model that views the family as deciding whether to produce goods and services directly or to purchase them in the marketplace is basically a model of the first stage. It cannot accurately be applied to the second (and current) stage.

1. The reason why many production processes were taken over by the marketplace was that ________.

A. it was a necessary step in the process of industrialization

B. they depended on electricity available only to the market economy

C. it was troublesome to produce such goods in the home

D. the marketplace was more efficient with respect to these processes（D）

2. It can be seen from the passage that in the second stage ________.

A. some traditional goods and services were not successful when provided by the home economy

B. the market economy provided new goods and services never produced by the home economy

C. producing traditional goods at home became socially unacceptable

D. whether new goods and services were produced by the home economy became irrelevant（B）

3. During the second stage, if the family wanted to consume new goods and services, they had to enter the marketplace ________.

A. as wage earners B. both as manufactures and consumers

C. both as workers and purchasers D. as customers（C）

4. Economic growth did not make it more flexible for the home economy to obtain the new goods and services because ________.

A. the family was not efficient in production

B. it was illegal for the home economy to produce them

C. it could not supply them by itself

D. the market for these goods and services was limited（C）

5. The neoclassical model is basically a model of the first stage, because at this stage ________.

A. the family could rely either on the home economy or on the marketplace for the needed goods and services

B. many production processes were being transferred to the marketplace

C. consumers relied more and more on the market economy

D. the family could decide how to transfer production processes to the marketplace（A）

摘自《华慧考博英语阅读理解精练220篇》

【核心词汇注释】

laborious adj. (指工作)艰苦的，费力的

sophisticated adj. 复杂的，精细的

be available to 可用的

neoclassical n. 新古典主义

take over 接收，接管

with respect to 关于，至于

【答案与解析】

1.D 细节事实题。题意：许多生产过程被市场取代的原因是什么？由第二三四句可知答案选D“市场对于这些过程的反应更加有效”。

2.B 推理判断题。题意：从本文可知在第二阶段，正确论述是？由“Soon, the more important second stage was evident--the marketplace began producing goods and services that had never been produced by the home economy, and the home economy was unable to produce them.很快，第二个更重要的阶段到来了——市场经济开始生产那些自然经济从来没有生产也没有能力生产的商品和从未提供过的服务。”可知选项B“市场经济提供了自然经济无法提供的产品和服务”。

3.C细节判断题。题意：在第二阶段，如果家庭成员想消费新产品和服务，他们就不得不以什么身份进入市场？由“In order to consume these new goods and services, the family had to enter the marketplace as wage earners and consumers. 为了消费新产品和服务，家庭生产者不得不以赚钱者和消费者的双重身份进入市场。”可知答案选C“既作为劳动者也作为购买者”。

4.C 推理判断题。题意：经济增长没有使得自然经济在获得新产品和服务方面有更大的灵活度，是因为什么？由题干定位到“Growth brought with it increased variety in consumer goods, but not increased flexibility for the home economy in obtaining these goods and services. 经济增长带来了很多的可供消费的商品，但并没有使自然经济获取这些商品和服务方面增加灵活度。”其原因，综合前面的内容可知选项C“它无法依靠己力提供这些产品和服务”。

5.A 细节判断题。题意：新古典主义模型本质上是第一阶段的模型，因为这个阶段……。由“Theneoclassical (新古典主义的) model that views the family as deciding whether to produce goods and services directly or to purchase them in the marketplace is basically a model of the first stage. 新古典主义模型将家庭生产者视为决策者，他们要么决定自己生产产品，自己提供服务，要么决定从市场上购买这些东西。这一模型本质上是第一阶段的模型。”，可知答案选A“为了得到必需的产品和服务家庭既可以依赖于自然经济也可依赖于市场经济”。

【长难句剖析】

1. In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they would have to be obtained in the marketplace.

【参考译文】在第二个阶段，有关自然经济在生产新产品和提供服务方面是否比较低效的问题已无关紧要了，如果家庭想要分享工业化的成果，他们必需通过市场来获得产品。

【结构分析】句子主干是：the question was irrelevant; they would have to be obtained in the marketplace.这个一个由分号连接的并列句。分号前的分句中In the second stage是状语，of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services是介词短语做question的同位语，其中whether引导从句做介词of的宾语；后一分句包含if引导的条件状语从句。

1.Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse-drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed the radio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market.

【参考译文】正如汽车的出现使得对马车的使用不合时宜，也不实用一样，正如电视的产生使收音机从娱乐的主要手段转变为提供背景音乐的方式一样，多数经济增长的成果并没有给自然经济在自己生产产品、提供服务或在市场上购买商品带来更多的选择。

【结构分析】句子主干是：most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options. Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse-drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed the radio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music是由as引导比较状语从句，其中包含有and连接的并列分句；available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market.是options的后置定语。

【参考译文】

自然经济与市场经济之间的关系已经经历了两个不同的阶段。在早期的工业化阶段开始了产品由家庭生产(比如制衣、缝纫和罐装食品加工)向市场生产转换的过程。尽管自然经济仍可以生产这些产品，但生产过程太费力，而且市场经济通常更有效率。很快，第二个更重要的阶段到来了——市场经济开始生产那些自然经济从来没有生产也没有能力生产的商品和从未提供过的服务。(比如电力和电子产品、汽车、高等教育、精密的医疗设备)。在第二个阶段，有关自然经济在生产新产品和提供服务方面是否比较低效的问题已无关紧要了，如果家庭想要分享工业化的成果，他们必需通过市场来获得产品。传统的在家里就能满足需求的方式，比如在家里照看病人，已经不再为社会所接受(而且更重要的是，效果会比较差)。正如汽车的出现使得对马车的使用不合时宜，也不实用一样，正如电视的产生使收音机从娱乐的主要手段转变为提供背景音乐的方式一样，多数经济增长的成果并没有给自然经济在自己生产产品、提供服务或在市场上购买商品带来更多的选择。经济增长带来了很多的可供消费的商品，但并没有使自然经济获取这些商品和服务方面增加灵活度。相反，经济增长使越来越多的消费者更加依赖市场。为了消费新产品和服务，家庭生产者不得不以赚钱者和消费者的双重身份进入市场。新古典主义模型将家庭生产者视为决策者，他们要么决定自己生产产品，自己提供服务，要么决定从市场上购买这些东西。这一模型本质上是第一阶段的模型。对第二个(即目前的)阶段来讲，该模型是不能被正确运用的。